Brief Overview: Chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) is a primary headache disorder characterized by frequent, dull, pressure-like head pain. Unlike migraines or cluster headaches, CTTH is usually bilateral, mild-to-moderate in intensity, and not worsened by routine activity. According to UpToDate, “The ICHD-3 criteria for chronic TTH require headaches lasting hours to days or unremitting, occurring on ≥15 days per month on average for more than three months (≥180 days per year) and fulfilling:
- At least two of the following:
- Bilateral location
- Pressing or tightening (nonpulsating) quality
- Mild or moderate intensity
- Not aggravated by routine physical activity such as walking or climbing stairs
- Both of the following:
- No more than one of photophobia, phonophobia, or mild nausea
- Neither moderate or severe nausea nor vomiting”
Prevalence: The prevalence of chronic tension-type headaches is estimated to be ~2%.
Etiology: According to UpToDate, “The etiology of TTH is probably multifactorial, but the precise mechanisms are uncertain. Environmental factors such as stress and muscle tenderness appear to be most impactful in the development of episodic TTH, while genetic factors appear to play a key role in development of chronic TTH.”
Risk Factors:
- Female
- Genetics
- Fatigue
- Sleep disorders
- Migraine history
- Depression history
- Low vitamin D level
Commonly Associated Conditions:
- Anxiety, depression
- Insomnia, poor sleep hygiene
- Fibromyalgia, chronic musculoskeletal pain
- Medication overuse headache
Common Medications:
- NSAIDs
- Tricyclic antidepressants – amitriptyline, nortriptyline, protriptyline
- Alternatives: Mirtazepine, venlafaxine, gabapentin, topiramate, tizanidine
Common Labs, Imaging, and Tests:
- Diagnosis is typically made clinically. MRI/CT/lumbar puncture to test CSF may be indicated for some.
Common Symptoms:
- Tension-type headaches most commonly last from 30 minutes to seven days
- A mild-to-moderate headache
- Dull, achy pain felt in both sides of the head
- Tightness or pressure around the forehead
- Muscle tenderness in the scalp, neckor shoulders
- Head pain that usually improves with over-the-counter medications
- Head pain in response to stress, lack of sleep or poor posture
- Not worsened by physical activity
- No nausea or vomiting (may have mild photophobia/phonophobia)
Common Treatments:
- Behavioral therapy – biofeedback, relaxation, self-regulation of sleep, exercise, stress, and other triggers, CBT
- Physical therapy
- Acupuncture
- Trigger point injections
- Botox injections may be helpful for some
Physical Findings:
- Tenderness in scalp, neck, or shoulder muscles
- Tightness or stiffness in trapezius/cervical muscles
- Otherwise, normal neurological exam
Potential Complications and Contraindications:
- Disability from frequent headaches
- Depression, anxiety, poor sleep
- Medication overuse headache
- Decreased quality of life (social withdrawal, inactivity)
General Health and Lifestyle Guidance:
- Maintain a regular sleep schedule
- Practice stress-reduction techniques (deep breathing, meditation)
- Encourage gentle daily activity (walking, stretching, yoga). Ask your healthcare provider what exercises are safe and recommended for you
- Improve posture with ergonomic adjustments
- Stay hydrated and eat balanced meals. Consider a food/symptom log to see if any foods/beverages are triggers
- Limit caffeine and alcohol
- Avoid medication overuse — discuss with your healthcare provider before frequent use of OTC analgesics
Suggested Questions to Ask Patients:
- How many days per week do you have headaches?
- How would you describe the pain (tight, dull, band-like, throbbing)?
- Do your headaches get worse with activity, or are they steady?
- Do you take pain medicine for them? How often?
- Do you have trouble sleeping, or feel stressed most days?
- Do you also have neck or shoulder pain?
- How do these headaches affect your daily life or mood?
Suggested Talking Points:
- Tension-type headaches are very common and often feel like a tight band across the head.
- These headaches can become chronic if they happen often, especially if stress and muscle tension are not managed.
- Overusing pain medicine can make headaches worse over time.
- Relaxation, gentle exercise, and good sleep habits can reduce headache frequency.
- Medications may be used to prevent frequent headaches.
- Always report any change in your headaches to your healthcare provider. Ask your healthcare provider for warning symptoms/signs and when you should seek urgent/emergency care.
Sources:
- https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/tension-type-headache/
- https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tension-type-headache-in-adults-etiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis?search=chronic%20tension%20headache&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~22&usage_type=default&display_rank=3
- https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tension-type-headache-in-adults-preventive-treatment?search=chronic%20tension%20headache&topicRef=3357&source=see_link
This content was created with the assistance of AI. Any AI-generated content was reviewed by a Nurse Practitioner.